Hardware maintenance for checking the regular running equipments Essay

†¢ periodic replacement of hardware resources to keep it according to changing atmosphere (e. g. developmental plan revisions) †¢ system software also requires timely maintenance (fixing bugs, developing newer versions, revisions, etc) †¢ reports must be seriously checked for their correlation with system requirements (creating error logs, testing strategies, performance measures, etc) †¢ Maintenance and updation of system documentation for future reference and updations. Remedial maintenance – It is performed to bring the system to running condition after correcting the hardware or software fault (Mawer, 2000). The remedial service is likely to include: †¢ Create a Help Desk concept which will log and action any reports from the customer in the event of a fault. †¢ On-site or remote login concept of issue resolution. †¢ Engaging a third party service to resolve and manage the resolution. †¢ Updating documentation every time an event has taken place. In this case both the technical and non-technical staff must be made aware of the support strategies so that their response time is optimized for better handling the issues of the customer timely and professionally. 1. Sequence of activities: It includes the activities which must take place in sequence: Activity (Tasks) Duration (Days) Preceded By A Working out the feasibility of the system 1 _ B Collection of information from different groups and creating data flow diagrams 3 A C Internal review of information collected and its validity with the management 2 B D Identifying the relationships between the entities 3 C E Define the degree of interaction between entities 2 D F Creating E-R Model and establishing cardinality ratios with distributed feature taken into account (as the Center has 5 sub locations in the city) 2 D,E. G Identifying Functional dependencies and others and then Normalization of relations 1 F H Converting the normalized relations to tables in database 2 G I Creating primary key and foreign key relationships and implementing business rules using integrity constraints 1 H J Creating interfaces and report generation techniques 3 I K Connecting the database tables with the interfaces and distributing the application to become geographical independent 3 J L Testing the system 2 K M Implementing the system across locations 2 L N Create maintenance plans and documentations 1 L,M. O Final review report after installation 1 L,M,N Advantage to the Bead Bar: The merits of the technology would envelope the very nature of the technology which the enterprise needs to focus. The following are the various advantageous factors: †¢ The Bead Bar would get a global recognition and would be accepted by all. It would create trust and confidence in the eyes of the people. †¢ Having an internet website would make possible that it markets itself to the global pool of the internet and gets accessible quite possibly. Customers can access it online and order for purchase of products and services. †¢ The store would be able to reach a greater domain of customers so that it can be a good source for expanding their business. †¢ The store would require less budget for marketing as the website, in the form of information system would get the direct and indirect marketing done by itself. †¢ It can also reduce the human errors of wrong deliveries and other related factors. Computerized system would make it error-free and would enhance greater satisfaction of service (Hoffer, 2002). †¢ It can also generate revenue by marketing other related companies and their products in their website space. †¢ It can render services to other companies via its website so that other businesses can purchase its products in bulk for their enterprise requirements facilitating B2C model of ecommerce. †¢ Payment systems can be made quite secure so that customers can pay online and are not troubled by the in-hand payments. †¢ The Bar would have enough mechanism to track their product list and its availability so that timely action can be taken to update. †¢ The customers get a greater facility to compare products and judge the best one before taking them. Physically doing so would have taken them a lot of effort and time. Conclusion Bead Bar has taken a right step in the light of technology and it must exploit the very supreme nature of the latest technology. It has taken a great step which would place it above all its competitors and would enhance the very nature of competition. It must also take care of the innovative techniques for getting the customers using the website and the frequent updations that would make efficient handling of the information. The use of information system would make the Jewelry superstore organize and restructure itself so that it is able to depict organizational thought in every activity and would handle every resource productively and optimally. References/Bibliography Barry Mawer (2000). Systems Maintenance. Hoffer A. Jeffrey (2002). Modern systems analysis and design, third edition. Pearson Education Korth (2002). Database Management systems. Navathe Elmasri (2002). Fundamentals of Database systems, fourth edition. Pearson Education.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Seven

Bounce Bounce Bounce Swish Catch Bounce Bounce Swish Catch Stefan stood on the free-throw line of the empty basketbal court, mechanical y dribbling and throwing the bal through the net. He felt empty inside, an automaton making perfect identical shots. He didn't real y love basketbal . For him, it lacked both the satisfying contact of footbal and the mathematical precision of pool. But it was something to do. He'd been up al night and al morning, and he couldn't stand the endless pacing of his own feet around the campus, or the sight of the four wal s of his room. What was he going to do now? There didn't seem to be much point to going to school without Elena beside him. He tried to block out his memories of the centuries of wandering the world alone, without her, without Damon, that preceded his coming to Fel ‘s Church. He was shutting down his emotions as hard as he could, forcing himself numb, but he couldn't help dimly wondering if centuries of loneliness were in store for him again. â€Å"Quite a talent you got there,† a shadow said, stepping away from the bleachers. â€Å"We should have recruited you for the basketbal team, too.† â€Å"Matt,† Stefan acknowledged, making another basket, then tossing the bal to him. Matt lined up careful y to the basket and shot, and it circled the rim before dropping through. Stefan waited while Matt ran to get the bal , then turned to him. â€Å"Were you looking for me?† he asked, careful y not asking if Elena had sent him. Looking surprised, Matt shook his head. â€Å"Nah. I like to shoot baskets when I've got some thinking to do. You know.† â€Å"What's going on?† Stefan asked. Matt rubbed the back of his neck, embarrassed. â€Å"There was this girl who I kind of liked, who I've been thinking about for a while, wanting to ask out. And, uh, it turns out she already has a boyfriend.† â€Å"Oh.† After a few minutes, Stefan realized he ought to respond with something more. â€Å"I'm sorry to hear that.† â€Å"Yeah.† Matt sighed. â€Å"She's real y special. I thought – I don't know, it would be nice to have something like what you and Elena have. Someone to love.† Stefan winced. It felt like Matt had twisted a knife in his gut. He flung the bal at the basket, not aiming this time, and it bounced back at them hard off the backboard. Matt jumped to catch it, then moved toward him, holding out a hand. â€Å"Hey, hey, Stefan. Take it easy. What is it?† â€Å"Elena and I aren't seeing each other anymore,† Stefan said flatly, trying to ignore the stab of pain from saying the words. â€Å"She – I saw her kissing Damon.† Matt looked at Stefan silently for what felt like a long time, his pale blue eyes steady and compassionate. Stefan was struck sharply by the memory that Matt had loved Elena, too, and that they had been together before Stefan came into the picture. â€Å"Look,† Matt said final y. â€Å"You can't control Elena. If there's one thing I know about her – and I've known her for our whole lives – it's that she's always going to do what she wants to do, no matter what gets in her way. You can't stop her.† Stefan began to nod, hot tears burning behind his eyes. â€Å"But,† Matt added, â€Å"I also know that, in the end, you're the one for her. She's never felt the way she does about you for anyone else. And, y'know, I'm starting to discover that there are other girls out there, but I don't think you're going to. Whatever's going on with Damon, Elena wil come back to you. And you'd be an idiot not to let her, because she's the only one for you.† Stefan rubbed the bridge of his nose. He felt breakable, like his bones were made of glass. â€Å"I don't know, Matt,† he said tiredly. Matt grinned sympathetical y. â€Å"Yeah, but I do.† He tossed Stefan the bal and Stefan caught it automatical y. â€Å"Want to play Horse?† He was tired and heartsick, but, as he dribbled the bal , thinking that he'd have to take it a tiny bit easy to give Matt a chance, Stefan felt a stirring of hope. Maybe Matt was right. â€Å"Are you crazy?† Bonnie shouted. She had always thought that â€Å"seeing red† was just a metaphor, but she was so angry that she actual y was seeing the faintest scarlet touch on everything, as if the whole room had been dipped in blood-tinged water. Meredith and Elena exchanged glances. â€Å"We're not saying there is anything wrong with Zander,† Meredith said gently. â€Å"It's just that we want you to be careful.† â€Å"Careful?† Bonnie gave a mean, bitter little laugh and shoved past them to grab a duffel bag out of her closet. â€Å"You're just jealous,† she said without looking at them. She unzipped the bag and started to dump in some clothes. â€Å"Jealous of what, Bonnie?† Elena asked. â€Å"I don't want Zander.† â€Å"Jealous because I'm final y the one who has a boyfriend,† Bonnie retorted. â€Å"Alaric is back in Fel ‘s Church, and you broke up with both your boyfriends, and you don't like seeing me happy when you're miserable.† Elena shut her mouth tightly, white spots showing on her cheekbones, and turned away. Eyeing Bonnie careful y, Meredith said, â€Å"I told you what I saw, Bonnie. It's nothing definite, but I'm afraid that the person who attacked that girl might have been Zander. Can you tel me where he was after you two left the party last night?† Focusing on stuffing her favorite jeans into what was already starting to seem like an overcrowded bag, Bonnie didn't answer. She could feel an annoying tel tale flush spreading up her neck and over her face. Fine, this was probably enough clothes. She could grab her toothbrush and moisturizer from the bathroom on her way down the hal . Meredith came toward her, hands open and outstretched placatingly. â€Å"Bonnie,† she said gently, â€Å"we do want you to be happy. We real y do. But we want you to be safe, too, and we're worried that Zander might not be everything you think he is. Maybe you could stay away from him, just for a little while? While we check things out?† Bonnie zipped up her bag, threw it over her shoulder, and headed for the door, brushing past Meredith without a glance. She was planning to just walk out but, at the last minute, wheeled around in the doorway to face them again, unable to bite back what she was thinking. â€Å"What's kil ing me here,† she said, â€Å"is what hypocrites you two are. Don't you remember when Mr. Tanner was murdered? Or the tramp who was almost kil ed under Wickery Bridge?† She was actual y shaking with fury. â€Å"Everyone in the whole town thought Stefan was responsible. Al the evidence pointed at him. But Meredith and I didn't think so, because Elena told us she knew Stefan couldn't have done it, that he wouldn't have done it. And we believed you, even though you didn't have any proof to give us,† she said, staring at Elena, who dropped her eyes to the floor. â€Å"I would have thought you could trust me the same way.† She looked back and forth between them. â€Å"The fact that you're suspecting Zander even though I'm standing here, tel ing you he would never hurt anybody, makes it clear that you don't respect me,† she said coldly. â€Å"Maybe you never did.† Bonnie stomped out of the room, hitching the strap of the duffel bag higher on her shoulder. â€Å"Bonnie† she heard behind her and turned to look back one more time. Meredith and Elena were both reaching after her, identical expressions of frustration on their faces. â€Å"I'm going to Zander's,† Bonnie told them curtly. That would show them what she thought about their suspicions of him. She slammed the door behind her.

Religious freedom in prison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious freedom in prison - Research Paper Example However, the court rulings set limitations to the right of worship when a prisoner’s demand of worship endangers prison safety and function. Almost all correction facilities offer these structures mainly for religious faiths such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Chaplains and volunteers provide pastoral care to prisoners and wardens (Livingstone 313). Allowing inmates freedom of worship has both positive and negative implications. However, prisoners’ right of worship should be granted because it benefits them and it is their constitutional right. Inmates should be allowed to worship within established structures provided by prison programs and religious organizations. The disadvantage of freedom of worship according to the government is it may endanger prisoners’ the lives. The law limits freedom of worship if it interferes with safety of the prisoners/wardens and prison operations. When this happens, the government can deny the right of worship for the greater good of all citizens. However, the government uses this clause to abuse prisoners’ rights (Livingstone 310). For example, a case where a Muslim prisoner wanted to retain his long beard for religious purposes was upheld by the Supreme Court. Gregory Holt, the prisoner, had requested the prison to allow him grow a half-inch beard as a religious practice. The prison officials denied the request claiming security reasons of inmates smuggling contrabands in beards. Judge Samuel Alito said since prisoners were allowed to grow long hair on their heads, the prison systems should allow religious beards like Gregory’s. In this case, the prison authorities denied the prisoner his right without good reasons. Prison authority may restrain the right of worship for security reasons but should have concrete reasons or concerns for the restriction. Many advantages exist of allowing prisoners to

Limiting Factor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Limiting Factor - Essay Example This variable cost rate for each department is allocated in order to cover costs such as machine time, electricity, maintenance, and equipment depreciation (Banker, Datar, Kaplan). As we can see our total production cost for each unit of product X, Y, Z consists of a variable cost rate and total labor from all three production departments. The total production costs for each unit of product X was  £752,  £804 for product Y and  £1084 for product Z. Taking into consideration the total required units of production for each product line for the whole year, the total production costs for Product X was  £11,280,000,  £9,648,000 for Product Y, and  £13,008,000 for Product Z.  £33,936,000.The fixed overhead costs budget for the plant, regardless of output level is  £2,400,000 a year. Total income (total revenue - total variable costs – fixed costs) for the year utilizing the original production budget equals  £1,224,000 (Imanet, 2008). According to our sales manager there is a limitation on producing any additional units of production. Department B does not have any additional production capacity due to lack of skilled labor workers which to hire in order to accommodate any additional manufacturing output. By performing a cost volume profit analysis of our product line we can determine which product mixture will provide maximum profit maximization potential based on the manufacturing limitations with relation to Department B (Horngren, Foster, Datar, 2000). The contribution margin of a product provides the user with the amount in pounds that each individual unit sale contributes towards income after all variable expenses have been deducted. Through a comparison of the contribution margin percentage of all three product types we can plainly see that the most profitable product type is X with 10.48% or  £88 per item sold. Although Product Z provides the highest gross margin amount with  £116, it stands as the se cond most profitable

Candidate for the position of Chief of the Virtual Police Department Research Paper

Candidate for the position of Chief of the Virtual Police Department - Research Paper Example Community policing works towards ensuring that both the police and the citizens come together to prevent the occurrences and as well brings resolution to neighborhood conflicts. Community policing emphasizes on stoppage of the crimes or any other evil acts before they happen. It does not just deal with just making responses to calls after the occurrences of a crime. Its aim is to prevent the crimes and dealing with it in the process it is occurring. Furthermore, Community policing ensure that citizens get a lot of control of their lives’ quality control and regulation in their societies. The policing would mean that the corps becomes part and a fraction of the neighborhood. Community Policing also helps in ensuring that the police get a better understanding and knowledge of the demands of the citizens. Consequently, the citizens will gain trust in the police officers and their services to the community (Stevens, 1995). They will gain confidence in the police and respect and co rporate with them. In other words, the community works hand in hand with the department of the police in the community. If people believe that the community policy is in practice in their society, these people will be more possibly willing to give their good opinions, ideas and perceptions of these police. Moreover, in collaboration, both the community and police department will show togetherness in their work for them to accomplish their shared interests and objectives of creating a better and safer environment to dwell in. Together to attain shared objectives of a safer, better place to live. It is an indication of democracy and freedom in practice. Moreover, community policing is taken as an efficient and effective way to enhance the goodness of life within a community. Moreover, community policing also does a very significant role in giving meaning to the two aspects of policing. These are

Marketing for Events Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Marketing for Events - Coursework Example ined by expertise, market statements and the added worth.1 the customer basis has to be defined clearly and the intent of the company in meeting the customers’ requirements. For Samsung to emerge top in the smartphone market it needs to focus on its key strengths and core company networks. Currently Samsung is the top manufacturer of smartphones in Europe. The tallied figures from 2012 revealed Samsung’s share of the market at 32.3% after overtaking Nokia. Samsung has set goals to attain by the year 2020 and it is reflected in its vision statement ‘Inspire the world, create the future.’ Taking focus on its key strength: creative solutions, new technologies and innovative products. In order for Samsung to reach its $400 billion revenue goal by the year 2020, there are three strategic moves that must come into play. They include: creativity, partnership and talent. Being an innovation leader is essential to Samsung, enough time has been spent being an innovation follower.2 This refers to the blend of product, evaluating, advertising and distribution approaches meant to satisfy exchange within the target market.3 the marketing mix incorporates the four Ps. Product, price promotion, and place. Over the past years, Samsung products have proven to be of standard quality in terms of performance. Choosing to market on this in the development of new products is a brilliant strategy because there is the quality assurance that the customers have. This is a strong hold especially in the Smartphone products. In the launching of the galaxy S4, there is no doubt that the customers are expecting a high performance quality device. Product portfolio is therefore a strongpoint that Samsung can boast of. With the wide range of products that Samsung has to offer, each commodity is accompanied by a unique pricing strategy. Taking into consideration at the complexity of this matter, price change due to outside change should be expected and therefore dealt with at the initial

Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Nature - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory, which associate motivation with people’s needs, informs my view of human nature. The theory identifies different levels of needs that expand to the macro social environment, but with the aim of meeting an individual’s needs. Self-actualization needs, for example, may lead to macro social achievement such as establishing and managing a social center for the benefit of needy members of a society, but the key drive is an individual’s need for self-actualization (Griffin and Moorhead 86). My view on human’s desire is consistent with Hobbes’ view that factors such as fear and curiosity motivate humans. The view is however contrary to Locke’s view that some aspects in life are unattainable and people should stop striving towards them. This is because Locke’s view undermines motivation (Rosen 8, 9). Based on my conception that people are self centered and may therefore undermine others’ interest, a set of rules that provide for strict and significant penalties for non compliance, is necessary for governing people. Without such a set of rules, however, people may exercise their arbitrary power and undermine other’s rights and

Having First Child Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Having First Child - Personal Statement Example I experienced these feelings and examined them very closely when my first child, Devin, was sent away from me. It is not possible to put those feelings in words. Although, he was sent to the Hostel for his bright future, yet I missed him. I knew that it was necessary for him to get better opportunities in the future, but sometimes people become so self-centered and selfish, that they don't realize the intensity of the problem. This happens not merely for the individual's own interest but just because of the fear he has to lose something. If I express my feelings before anyone, the first possible question they ask is that if I am that worried about him then what made me choose this option The answer definitely is my desire to see him as a reputable and successful person. His future was more important for me than anything in this world, even more than my emotions and feelings. The aim behind transferring him to a hostel was to provide him with appropriate schooling. It was an emotionally tough experience. I was anxious about the environment of the hostel, the gathering he may have, and the quality of education. It was tough to be separated from my beloved son for such extensive periods. After being separated I came to know about his value in my life. I admired him but did not know that I could miss someone that much. It was all new for me. In the beginning I used to get hyper without any reason.

Staffing Process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Staffing Process - Case Study Example The main role of the staffing coordinator entails the presentation of the best employees to the managers for review ensuring that the right personnel is selected for a particular job. Finding the appropriate personnel for a task is a monumental task that needs extensive knowledge of the industry and resources to elicit the expected results. The coordinator is tasked with the responsibility of setting up interviews with the personnel as well as conducting reference and background checks. Other roles include making staff schedules, handling staffing emergencies, scheduling vacation times for the employees, ensuring employee and customer satisfaction as well as being involved in training and employees orientation. KSAOs skills include having organizational skills, human resource planning knowledge, interpersonal and analytical skills, as well as consultative and problem-solving skills. With this in mind, coordinators ought to be referred to as recruiters, retention specialist as well as managers (Cascio & Aguinis, 2008). Effective reward systems are important to ensure that the organization is competitive, retains its employees thus reduce the employee’s turnover. It the source of motivation and enhances the organization brand name (Gong, 2003). Individuals in this position are considered part of the management team since the coordinating is responsible for the staffing needs of the organization. Managers ought to trust their work to interview the candidates and make hiring decisions. Therefore, the coordinator needs to have a strong attention to details as well a good communication and computer skills. They also need to be flexible and patient since they help shape employees careers. For cycle days, days to start and offer ratios, the order of the recruitment process is from the highest to the least effectiveness. I.e. employee’s referral followed by the employment agency and newspaper recruitment methods.

Practical Pricing Essay Example for Free

Practical Pricing Essay Through a thorough analysis of activity-based costing, it is obvious that there is more information to account for than first expected. It is essential that management be able to understand the concept of ABC beyond the surface in order to grasp the manner in which it behaves. Besides the fact that it is a concept which involves the measurement of manufacturing costs and non-manufacturing costs, ABC has a considerable amount of information to be understood. The manner in which the system is implemented in various companies is essential for management which is contemplating whether or not to use such a system. As well, it is necessary that myths and misconceptions about the subject be clearly understood in order to prevent any ill-fortune to a company. As well, it is evident that ABC has emerged as an important concept in the field of Cost accounting. With many issues at the forefront of Cost accounting, perhaps one of the frontrunners would be the issue of globalization. These current issues provide an interpretation that activity-based costing has emerged as an important aspect of Cost accounting in the sense that it is instrumental for managers when making crucial decisions The accounting cost methods described here dont end when optimal pricing has been achieved and variability brought under control. These are only the first two milestones in a continuing process of pricing for maximum profitability. Next, companies must identify products that are no longer profitable and monitor customer churn for signs that prices are higher than the value provided in return. Any products value proposition changes as the market evolves. The number of competitors might swell or shrink; new products or versions of products could be launched; competitors might start or stop giving rebates. Thus, every time market information is collected, it is vital to measure the customer and sales churn of every product even if prices havent changed recently. It may be necessary to change prices as a result. Since net or final are always moving, a products total cost and its impact on profits should also be monitored. Products that dont meet managements minimum profit requirements may have to be discontinued. Of course, a product it itself is losing money may be worth keeping for strategic reasons, such as rounding out a comprehensive product line or serving as a mechanism for appealing to big customers. The analytical rigor and unbiased nature of this approach make considerable organizational demands on the companies that use it. A change in pricing is a major enterprise for any organization; it cant be achieved overnight. Companies accustomed to anecdotal approaches may resist. For these reasons, it might be wise to form a specific group to make pricing recommendations and monitor the impact of price changes. With the support of the sales organization and senior management, the group could put forward pricing suggestions even in the face of opposition. By closely monitoring the impact of price changes, the group would be alert to the need for midstream adjustments. To the extent that the organization must evolve over time from a sales-and-technology orientation to a focus on pricing and the bottom line, the pricing group could be the agent of that transformation. Of course, the leader of the group shouldnt report to anyone directly affected by its recommendations, even if that person for example, the vice president of marketing or finance would otherwise be a logical choice. Moreover, a clear succession plan should be developed to get high-caliber people, especially from sales, to work in a somewhat isolated pricing group. They ought to understand that there will be no negative political repercussions if they want to return to sales or move up the corporate ladder, for by necessity if they want to return to sales or move up the corporate ladder, for by necessity such a group will often irritate the senior people in a company. Finally, pricing can be a key lever of profitability. Bibliography 1. Anderson, R. J. , Hughes, S. A.  and Sharrock, W. W. (19xx) Practical Pricing, in Working for Profit: The Social Organisation of Calculation in an Entrepreneurial Firm (Aldershot: Gower), chapter 8, pp. 139-157 2. Brimson, James A. Activity Accounting. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. , 1991. 3. Carrol, Raymond F. Chesley, G. R. Garrison, Ray. Noreen, Eric. Managerial Accounting: Concepts for Planning, Control, Decision Making. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson Ltd. , 2001. 4. Foster, George. Horngren, Charles T. Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. , 1991.

A study of Athol Fugard

A study of Athol Fugard Athol Fugard, who was born in Middleburg, South Africa in 1932, is a well known realist playwright. He has written many plays which reflect his extreme opposition to the Apartheid system. Two such plays are Boesman and Lena (1969) and My Children! My Africa! (1989). Both plays are set in apartheid South Africa and demonstrate the cruelty of those years in South Africa as well as the current issues surrounding them. Athol Fugards work in both of these plays is therefore a reflection of the times and society in which he was writing. The plays socio-political contexts and his intentions in them can be individually discussed as well as compared to each other. Boesman and Lena is set in Apartheid South Africa and is a play about a young, non-white couple who are truly facing difficulties and struggling during this time. The play opens with the couple on a journey, walking from place to place, after being forcefully removed from their home. As they are travelling, Lena tries to recount where they have been. They can only bring the belongings with them that they can afford to carry on their backs and so they are exposed to the elements around them. Because the couple are homeless, Boesman decided that in order to survive he needs to build a shelter out of scrap iron and other materials that he has found. Once the shelter is built, he is the only one to enter it. Lena not only tends the fire but also tends to sit outside of the shelter for the entire play. The desperate circumstances that they are in emphasize their lonely, isolated and impoverished place in the world. Boesman and Lena was written in 1965 which is a mere 17 years after the start of apartheid. The play clearly shows the harshness of this time period relating to the Forced Removals and Group Areas Acts, which were passed by the government in order to draw a line by fully separating racial groups. Boesman and Lena perfectly represent the millions of non-whites who suffered during Apartheid. The forced removals from homes and dispersal of communities led to social breakdown and widespread poverty in South Africa. Non-whites were not given the opportunity to really settle down in any environment whatsoever, and this caused them to be depressed and feel as if they had no meaning whatsoever in their lives. This alienation can be noted when Lena is distraught after she has just been forcefully removed from her own home. At the beginning of the play, an old man called Outa appears at their campsite. The way Boesman acts around Outa and shows his feelings towards him show the incredibly racial tensions between the many different non-white groups. Boesman believes he is superior to Outa. He is frustrated by the situation in South Africa and he vents this frustration on other non-whites. Outa, being very frail and unresponsive, is an easy target for Boesman, and this is evident in the way he treats Outa. [Mtvass] Boesman and Lena, as well as their actions, can be interpreted as symbols. Boesmans violence towards Lena represents the violence white South Africans inflict on citizens of colour. Lena represents hope and life. She is optimistic and believes things will change in the future. She is also very compassionate (as with the old man, Outa). Boesman is mostly bitter and jealous, trying to destroy any hope and life that she has. Fugard has recorded many of his ideas in his notebooks. In one entry, Fugard describes that he had many encounters with the poorer South Africans. He notes that these encounters all contributed to the creation of Boesman and Lena. He also reports back on the day he came into contact with a particular woman which influenced him to begin writing the play. He says in Athol Fugard: Notebooks 1960-1977: On a hot August day in 1965, Fugard and two friends were driving along a rural road when they saw an old woman trudging along with all of her worldly possessions tied up in a bundle on her head. They stopped and offered her a ride. She cried at their unexpected kindness, and during the fifteen-mile trip to a farm up the road, she told them about the death of her husband three days earlier and her nine missing children. If Fugard and his companions hadnt stopped to offer her a ride, she would have followed her plan to sleep in a stormwater drain that night and continue her long journey the next day. [E-notes 2010] He also gives his impression of the woman. He writes , In that cruel walk under the blazing sun, walking from all of her life that she didnt have on her head, facing the prospect of a bitter Karoo night in a drain-pipe, in this walk there was no defeat-there was pain, and great suffering, but no defeat. Athol Fugard: Notebooks 1960-1977. The walk that this woman went on was the walk that Boesman and Lena are on throughout the play as it inspired him to come up with this idea in the first place. Because Fugard passionately abhorred apartheid, his intentions in writing this play were to show what was going on in South Africa at the time and to expose the effects of apartheid. He used symbolism-for example representing the violence white South Africans inflict on citizens of colour through Boesmans violence towards Lena as well as themes. The main theme of Boesman and Lena is violence and cruelty which reflects the state of apartheid at the time. In the 1960s, when the play was written, people of colour had absolutely no power and could not do anything about how they were treated. Basically, in this play, Fugard portrayed severe real situations and displayed the struggling and suffering of the characters and thereby projected a true representation of what was going on at this cruel time in South Africa. Fugard wrote My Children My Africa about 20 years after Boesman and Lena was published. At this time, there was an immense amount of racial tension and ongoing violence, both within various black communities and violence perpetrated by the white security police and military apparatus. Life was not the same in South Africa as it had previously been in the 60s and things were coming to a head. There were many anti-apartheid movements and international censure because of this. Although the confrontational violence between the government and forces of liberation had escalated in Apartheid South Africa, the underlying themes of exploitation and human suffering were still the same. As historian Alistair Boddy-Evans summarized: During the 1970s and 80s Apartheid was reinvented a result of increasing internal and international pressures, and worsening economic difficulties. Black youth was exposed to increasing politicisation, and found expression against Bantu education through the 1976 Soweto Uprising. Despite the creation of a trilateral parliament in 1983 and the abolition of the Pass Laws in 1986, the 1980s saw the worst political violence by both sides.[Boddy-Evans] My Children! My Africa! is a play which depicts a time when friendship and cooperation across the colour line were extremely rare. Such relationships were strictly frowned upon and actively discouraged by apartheid officialdom. This was because they represented a potential threat to the elaborately constructed and legislated racial barriers. In My Children! My Africa! (an emphatic title indeed) Fugard constructed a very powerful dramatic work which explores the possibility of such interracial connections despite the human and professional risks involved. His thrust is that mere skin colour should in no way be a significant barrier to friendship and cooperation. The play involves a white schoolgirl and black schoolboy whose teacher must take risks in sending the black boy to a mixed-race team in a literary competition. They have different viewpoints in how to challenge the system. The schoolboy, Thami, has adopted an attitude of violent confrontation, whereas the teacher is more in favour of a conciliatory and gradual approach to change, hoping optimistically that violence can be avoided. The schoolgirl, Isabel is besieged with white liberal guilt. The play reflects varying attitudes to the best approach to achieving inevitable change. As it turned out it was the destabilising threat of violent confrontation that ultimately counted in effecting change in South Africa. The play was in fact written in 1985 foreshadowing the unbanning of the ANC and the subsequent release of Nelson Mandela some 5 years later. Fugard was an active supporter of the Anti apartheid movements and endorsed international boycotts of segregated audience theatre in South Africa. In fact he was vilified, harassed and put under security police surveillance. To avoid further trouble with the authorities Fugard had his plays produced and published outside of the country [Alan McIver :2010] Fugard was accorded wide international recognition. His compelling and impressive body of work surely contributed in a significant way to international awareness of the dire developing situation in South Africa. To me he is an inspiring figure, whose realistic depictions of the devastating human consequences of an evil system opened audiences eyes to cruel and unsustainable realities. Fugard once said: [My] real territory as a dramatist is the world of secrets with their powerful effect on human behaviour and the trauma of their revelation. Whether it is the radiant secret in Miss Helens heart or the withering one in Boesmans or the dark and destructive one in Gladys, they are the dynamos that generate all the significant action in my plays[Fugard]. We can gather from this, that his plays are always individually and contextually significant and he intends to display and uncover and bring to light deeper issues within them. Using the two plays discussed above as evidence , one can not only tell that Fugard really cares about his work and his country but also that his work is an accurate reflection of the times and society in which he was writing. [Words: 1655]

Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers

Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42). Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42). Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42).

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Father As you all know, there were certain things Loyd liked -- dogs, and poker games, football, and airplanes -- and there were certain things he didn’t like -- carrots, political speeches, telephone solicitations (especially those made by insurance men), and long-winded eulogies. I won’t do that because for every story that I could tell today about Loyd, his friends here today could tell fifty more. I am very secure in the knowledge that Loyd lived every day of his life to the fullest and I feel that Mother and Delia Ruth are secure in that knowledge as well. And we are very grateful to you all to be here today with us to honor his life. As Brother Sam said, Papa was born in Norfolk County, Virginia, the son of Ovie and Ruth Owen. One of his earliest memories was of crossing the Mississippi River on his way back home to Texas where he lived, except for his time in the Army Air Corps, until his death this past Saturday. He graduated from Junction High School in 1938 and he very much enjoyed his memories of playing football for the Eagles, a game that he continued to love throughout his life, second only to poker, and most recently, the lottery. He enlisted in the Air Force on July 30, 1940 and was given the opportunity to become an enlisted pilot with the rank of Staff Sergeant Pilot . His membership in the Army Air Corps Enlisted Pilots Association gave him great pleasure and just last month in Austin he and his buddies refought the war at their bi-annual reunion. You’ll be very pleased to know we won again. He was a graduate of the class of 42-H from Kelly Field and flew fifty-one bombing missions in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. He married Dortha W. of Menard the same day he received his wings, September 6, 1942. He liked to say he got his wings that morning and had them clipped that afternoon. For more than 50 years he has owned and operated Buster’s Laundry and Cleaners, first with his parents and then as sole proprietor. He was very proud of his business and once we were together at a social gathering in Kerrville and he had been sitting there with that look on his face you all know so well listening to self-important oil men and bankers talk about their work.

Low self esteem

I was flicking through some featured articles on my IPad last night when I happened to come across Rod Liddle's piece: ‘our children urgently need less self-esteem'. I asked myself, do our children need less self-esteem? Preposterous. Of course not, in fact I believe that they need more self-esteem. Low self-esteem is one of the major underlying problems of crime, bullying, unemployment†¦ honestly, the list could go on. Children with low self-esteem suffer from depression and a sense of insignificance and generally have a pessimistic view on all aspects of life. Whereas children with high self-esteem are positive and seem to do better in life than those who lack confidence. Why? Why should children need less self-esteem when it is already clear that high self-esteem seems to be a better trait in children? Honestly, I really do think this article is just a '50 year old twat' ranting about the younger generation, however I have an urge to criticize his opinions because his article is just too fallacious. Rod Liddles article was a response to the riots earlier last year in the summer, and yes I do agree that they were outrageous and caused a huge calamity nationally, but, like the teachers I would say the kids need more self-esteem rather than less. This is due to the fact that a majority of the rioters probably had low self-esteem to start with and therefore gave into peer pressure to follow some idiots smashing up the shop windows of Poundland just because it seemed like the ‘cool' thing to do. Even if some kids have self-esteem which sky rockets to the sky, acting as role models for the rioters, it is probably the parents fault, and the upbringing they had which means it is Liddles generation to blame. I believe that the riots were not started by some random, over-confident teens wanting to take over the nation but were sparked by an outrage when the judicial system failed to explain the accidental shooting and killing of Mark Duggan. So obviously it is his generation who started the riots In the first place by unjustly ignoring people's anger, consequently allowing the riots to start. Also, Liddle states that the judicial system is made too liberal saying â€Å"if anything goes wrong with a modern child's life, it is someone else's fault: teachers, or the Police, or society†. In this he is totally contradicting himself, because the police force is made up of his generation or maybe slightly younger, but all still being adults, so really he is criticizing the wrong people. In addition, according to Wikipedia, police arrested 3,100 people which is a fairly reasonable amount of people. Meaning the judicial system is not actually that soft, they do lock up a fair amount of wrong doers. As for the teachers, well I'm sure almost everyone on the planet has had a detention or some form of punishment for doing something wrong in school. And if you do something horrifically bad then you are expelled with no exceptions. So tell me again, Liddle, where children are not disciplined? The riots were not caused only by low self-esteem by also by desperation due to the current economic situation our country is in now. Many people are now broke, poor and depressed, and obviously some people want to do something about it. So when the opportunity arises where you can take whatever you can get hold of, whether you actually want it or get some money out of it then I'm guessing the mind-set is ‘why not? , other people are doing it'. The state of the economy had to be caused somehow, some time ago and after some research it turns out that it was in fact Liddles generation who caused this total slump. Apparently, ‘back then' houses were cheaper and loaning from the bank was easier, causing people to have too much self-esteem and consumer confidence. So when people decided they were rich they started buying and buying and buying until they had no money to give back to the banks. Now in the present day all of us have to pay for their expenses and suffer in this drudgingly, slow sink into an economic depression. Lastly, I am convinced that Liddle is totally unreliable and his use of hyperbole is excessive, he is clearly not a modern day teen and cannot say anything about self-esteem in kids because he simply is not one. Liddle is pretty much 30 years past his prime and cannot accurately state the minds of our modern youths. Many teens are low in self-esteem but merely hide behind a mask to make it seem as though they are ‘significant' and know it, but in fact they want to curl up in a ball and cry about life.

Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel Components Engineering Essay

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was organized in 1880 as an educational and proficient society of mechanical applied scientists. After old ages of development and public remark, the first edition of the Code, ASME Rules of Construction of Stationary Boilers and for Allowable Working Pressures, was published in 1914 and officially adopted in the spring of 1915. The first Code regulations for force per unit area vass, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple get downing the Code has now evolved into the present 11 Section papers, with multiple subdivisions, parts, subdivisions, and compulsory and non-mandatory appendices. Almost all force per unit area vass used in the procedure industry in the United States are designed and constructed in conformity with Section VIII Division 1. In this undertaking, some general constructs standards related to ASME Code Section VIII are discussed. These include allowable emphasis, factors of safety, joint efficiency and force per unit area testing. The aim of this undertaking is to plan and analysis Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 and criterions. This undertaking merely concerned to plan chief portion of force per unit area vas like shell, caputs, noses and supports. The regulations in Section VIII Division 1 do non cover all applications and constellations such as planing leg supports. When the regulations are non available, another method must be used.Problem statementThe force per unit area vass that non follow any standard codifications can be really unsafe. In fact many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and development. They are many criterions and codifications that vary from state to state. The common criterions and codifications that have been used are ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes, API Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European Codes and Standards and other Intern ational Codes. Even though there are computing machine assisted force per unit area vas design available in the market, but due to concern benefit, the system may non be salable or pricey. In add-on the expression and constructs applied in the system are ever unknown by the users.Research rangeThis undertaking focuses on design and analysis of Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. Based on this codification, force per unit area vass are application for the containment of internal and external force per unit area up to 3000 pounds per square inch. This force per unit area could be obtained from an external beginning or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect beginning or any combination of them. The ASME Code is building codification for force per unit area vas and contains demands, specific prohibitions ; and non-mandatory counsel for force per unit area vas stuffs, design, welding and proving. To guarantee the aim of this undertak ing is achieved, some of the of import elements must be consider. There is: Planing chief constituents of Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel by refer to ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 and criterions. Analysis of maximal stress value of chief constituents of force per unit area vas by finite component utilizing ANSYS package.Aims of UndertakingThe intent of this undertaking is to plan and analysis of Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. This research worker points two aims to be achieved at the terminal of this research. The aims are: 1. To plan Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel constituents based on ASME Code VIII Division 1 and Standards. 2. To analyse maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) , maximal shear emphasis, maximal distortion and safety factor in shell by finite component utilizing ANSYS package.Significance of surveiesThe undertaking will convey a great important non merely for the fertiliser industry but besides to the all the fabrication sector that used a assorted force per unit area vas for day-to-day operation. Nowadays, most the fabrication industry in Malaysia which used force per unit area vas for operational intent depends on their country of application. As a consequence, their operation, design, industry is regulated by technology governments backed up by Torahs. All force per unit area vass are manufactured with the maximal safe operating force per unit area and temperature. By finishing this undertaking, pupil will derive exposure to the ASME codification and criterions.Chapter 2.0LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe force per unit area vass such as cylinder, grapevine or armored combat vehi cles are design and concept to hive away gas or fluids under force per unit area. The gas or fluid that being stored may be through alteration of province inside the force per unit area vas, for illustration instance of steam boilers or it might unite with other reagents, such as a chemical works. The force per unit area vass must plan with a perfect attention because cleft of force per unit area vass will do an detonation which may do of decease and loss of belongings. The stuff that be used to build force per unit area vass may be malleable such as mild steel or brittle such that dramatis personae Fe. In by and large, force per unit area vass and others storage armored combat vehicle such as hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and armored combat vehicles are of import to the chemical, crude oil, petrochemical, atomic industries and so on. Chemical reactions, separations, and storage of natural stuffs ever occur in this category of equipment. By and large, pressurized equipment is required and been used for a wide scope of industrial works for storage and fabrication intents [ 1 ] .2.2 Types of Pressure VesselThe size and geometric signifier of force per unit area vass diverge greatly from the big cylindrical vass used for high-pressure gas storage to the little size used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some of the vass are buried in the land or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on land or supported in platforms. There are chiefly two types of force per unit area vass normally available in industry:Spherical Pressure VesselThis type of force per unit area vass are known as thin walled vass. This forms the most typical application of plane emphasis. Airplane of emphasis is a category of common technology jobs affecting emphasis in a thin home base. Spherical vass have the advantage of necessitating dilutant walls for a given force per unit area and diameter than the tantamount cylinder. Therefore they are used for big gas or liquid conta iners, gas-cooled atomic reactors, containment edifices for atomic works, and so on. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87Desktopspherical force per unit area vas 2.jpg Figure 2.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel [ beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //communities.ptc.com/thread/39900 ]Cylindrical Pressure VesselThis type of a vas designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal pot force per unit area. This vas has an axial symmetricalness. The cylindrical vass are by and large preferred, since they present simpler fabrication jobs and do better usage of the available infinite. Boiler membranophone, heat money changers, chemical reactors, and so on, are by and large cylindrical. A C: Userszalie87Desktoppressure-vessel-500Ãâ€"500.jpg C: Userszalie87Desktopvertical_expansion_tank.gif Figure.2: Cylindrical ( Horizontal & A ; Vertical ) Pressure Vessel [ beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energyflowsystems.com/pv.htm and hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pumpsukltd.com ]2.3 Main Components of Pressure VesselThe chief force per unit area vas constituents are as follow:2.3.1 ShellThe shell is the chief constituent of any vass that contains the force per unit area. Material of shell usually come in home base or rolled steel. Commonly, some force per unit area vas shells has a rotational axis and be welded together to organize a construction. Most pressure vas shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conelike in form.2.3.2 HeadAll force per unit area vas shells must be closed at the terminals by caputs. Heads that normally used are typically in curved instead than level. Configurations of curving form stronger and allow the force per unit area vas ‘s caputs to be thinner, lighter and less expensive instead than level caputs. Inside a vas, caputs can besi des be used. Heads are normally can be categorized by their forms. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical, conelike, toriconical and level are the common types of caputs. Figure 2.3 shows assorted types of caputs. Ellipsoidal would be the most common type of caputs, which is used during the designing of a new force per unit area vas. [ 11 ] Figure 2.3: Typical Types of Heads [ beginning 11 ]2.3.3 NozzlesA nose is a cylindrical constituent that penetrates and mounts whether at the shell or caputs of a force per unit area vas surface. The nozzle terminals are by and large flanged. Flanges map is to let the necessary connexions. Flanges besides use to allow easy disassembly for modus operandis care or easy entree. Nozzles normally are used for the undermentioned applications [ 11 ] : Attach piping for flow recess or mercantile establishment of the vas. Attach instrument connexions such as degree gages, thermowells, or force per unit area gages. Provide entree to the vas inside at manholes. Provide for direct fond regard of heat money changer or sociable. Nozzles sometimes extended into the vas inside for some applications, such as for recess flow distribution or to allow the entry of thermowells.2.3.4 SupportThe type of support that is designed and used depends on the orientation of the force per unit area vessel whether horizontally or vertically. In any state of affairs, the force per unit area vessel support must be adequate to back up the applied weight and other tonss. Design force per unit area of the vas is non being considered in the design of its support because the support is non be pressurized. But, design temperature should be considered for support design. It should be considered from the position of stuff choice and proviso for differential thermic enlargement. Several sorts of supports are as follow [ 11 ] : Skirt This type of support by and large been used for tall, perpendicular, cylindrical force per unit area vass. This type of support is a cylindrical shell subdivision which is be weld either to the underside of the vas shell or to the bottom caput for the cylindrical vass. Skirt support for spherical vas is welded to the vas near the mid plane of the shell. The skirt is usually design long plenty to supply flexibleness so that radial thermic enlargement of the shell does non do high thermic emphasiss at its junction with the skirt. Leg Small perpendicular membranophones are usually supported by legs that are welded to the underside of the force per unit area shell. The maximal ratio of support provides for leg length to beat diameter is typically 2:1. The figure of legs is designed depends on the membranophone size and the tonss to be carried. Support legs are besides normally designed for spherical force per unit area vass. The support legs for little perpendicular vass and spherical storage vass usually made from high C stuff such as structural steel columns or pipe subdivisions, which provides a more efficient and perfect design. Saddle Horizontal membranophones are usually supported by saddle. This type of support divides the weight burden over a big country of the shell to avoid an unneeded emphasis in the shell at two different locations. The breadth of the saddle is considered by the specific size and design conditions of the force per unit area vas. One saddle support is usually fixed or anchored to its foundation. A typical strategy of saddle support is shown on Figure 2.2.4. Figure 2.4: Typical Scheme of Saddle [ beginning 11 ]2.4 Overall Design Procedure of Pressure VesselsPressure vass as constituents of a complete works are designed to run into assorted demands as determined by the interior decorators and analysts responsible for the overall design. The first measure in the design process is to choose the necessary relevant information, set uping in this manner a organic structure of design demands, as shown in Figure 2.5. Once the design demands have been established, suited stuffs are selected and the specified design codification will give an allowable design or nominal emphasis that is used to dimension the chief force per unit area vas thickness. Extra codification regulations cover the design of assorted vessel constituents such as noses, rims, and so on. Following these regulations an agreement of the assorted constituents are finalized and analyzed for failure. Most of the types of failure relevant to coerce vessel design are stress dependent and therefore it is necessary to guarantee the adequateness of the emphasis distribution and look into against different types of postulated failure manners. The proposed design is eventually iterated until the most economical and dependable merchandise is obtained. The functional demands cover the geometrical design parametric quantities such as size and form, location of the incursions, and so on. Some of these parametric quantities may hold to be fixed in coaction with the overall design squad, but in a bulk of state of affairss the force per unit area vas interior decorator acts freely on the footing of his or her experience. In the process in planing force per unit area vass, safety is the chief factor that must be consider, particularly for the high force per unit area works such as atomic reactor force per unit area vass, due the possible impact of a possible terrible accident. In general nevertheless, the design is a via media between consideration of economic sciences and s afety. The possible hazards of a given manner of failure and its effects are balanced against the attempt required for its bar. The ensuing design should accomplish an equal criterion of safety at minimal cost. Safety can non be perfectly assured for these two grounds. First, the existent signifier of lading during service may be more terrible than was anticipated at the design phase: unnatural, unpredictable tonss necessarily occur during the force per unit area vas ‘s life-time. Second, our cognition is rarely equal to supply a qualified reply to the break of stuffs, province of emphasis under certain conditions, and so on. It is true that although the cardinal mechanism of failure is non sufficiently understood, it is possible to set up preventative steps based on semi empirical methods. Following this line of thought, the force per unit area vass could be classified harmonizing to the badness of their operations since this will impact both the possibility of failure and its effects. These considerations lead to the categorization of vass runing from atomic reactor force per unit area vass at one terminal to belowground H2O armored combat vehicles at the other. The design factor used in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code1 is intended to account for unknown factors associated with the design and building of the equipment. The design expression and the emphasis analysis methods are by and large approximative and have constitutional premises. Typically it is assumed that the stuff is homogenous and isotropic. In the existent universe the stuff has defects and discontinuities, which tend to divert from this premise. Figure 2.5: Design ProcedureChapter 3.0Methodology3.1 OverviewIn this chapter, the information in choice of force per unit area vas is described and the application of selected force per unit area vas is been discussed. To plan of force per unit area vessel the choice of Code are of import as a mention usher to accomplish the secure force per unit area vas. The choices of ASME Code Section VIII div 1 are described. The criterion of stuff choice used are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis package to obtain the consequence are introduced. Alternatively of that, design procedure methodological analysis is besides described.3.2 General Design Considerations: Pressure Vessels3.2.1 MaterialsGeneral stuff demand have been described in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. There are some points that must be considered which is related to the general stuff demands that will be discussed below. [ 2 ] The chief factors of stuff choice that must be considered are [ 12 ] :StrengthStrength is a stuff ‘s ability to digest an imposed force or emphasis applied. Strength is an of import factor in the stuff choice for any peculiar application. Strength determines the midst of a constituent that must be to defy the forced tonss.Corrosion ResistanceCorrosion defines as the weakening of stuff by chemical reaction. Material ‘s opposition to corrosion is the most of import factor that influences its choice for a specific application. Stipulate a corrosion allowance is the common method that used to specify corrosion in force per unit area vass constituents.Fracture StaminaFracture stamina defines as the capableness of a stuff to defy conditions that could do a brickle break. The break stamina of a stuff can be determined by utilizing Charpy V-notch trial to specify the magnitude of the impact energy and force that is required to fracture a specimen.FabricabilityFabricability defines as the easiness of building and to any particular fiction patterns that are required to utilize the stuff. Normally, force per unit area vass use welded building. The stuffs used must be weldable so that constituents can be assembled onto the accomplished force per unit area vas. The force per unit area vas design codifications and criterions include lists of acceptable stuffs ; in conformity with the appropriate stuff criterions.3.2.2 Design and Operating TemperatureIn ASME Code Section VIII Div 1, upper limit and minimal design temperatures can be established in Paragraph UG-20. The maximal design temperature can be define as the maximal temperature used in vessel design and it shall non be lesser than the average metal temperature estimated under normal operating conditions for the portion that want to be considered. [ 3 ] The operating temperature is the gas or unstable temperature that occurs under the normal operating conditions. Before planing a vas, the operating temperature must be set based on the upper limit and minimal metal temperatures that the force per unit area vas may meet any state of affairs. [ 4 ]3.2.3 Design and Operating PressureDesign force per unit area of the vas can be established in Paragraph UG-21. In this paragraph, the demand of the vas to be designed for any terrible force per unit area and temperature that is coincidently expected in normal operation has been provided. When set up the maximal operating force per unit area, all conditions such as start-up, closure, and any identified disquieted conditions can be considered. Set force per unit area of the force per unit area alleviation device in an operating system must be above the operating force per unit area by a sufficient sum so that the device does non trip by chance. A vas must be designed to defy the maximal force per unit area to which it is likely to be subjected in operation status. Before planing a vas, the operating force per unit area must be set based on the maximal internal or external force per unit area that the force per unit area vas may meet. The design force per unit area is usually taken as the force per unit area at which the alleviation device is set for vas that under internal force per unit area. To avoid specious operation during minor procedure disturbances, usually the operation force per unit area is 5 to 10 per cent above the normal on the job force per unit area. The hydrostatic force per unit area in the base of the column should be added to the operating force per unit area if make up one's minding the design force per unit area. [ 2 ]3.2.4 Design Maximum Allowable StressMaximum allowable emphasis that have to be consider in planing a vas which be used for internal and external force per unit area has be describe in Paragraph UG-23. The allowable tensile emphasiss are tabulated in ASME Code Section II, Part D of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. In UG-23 ( a ) indicates that for stuff that has been identified as meeting more than one stuff specification, the allowable emphasis for the specification may be used and provided that all the restrictions of the specification is satisfied. In UG-23, standard for the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis to be used for cylindrical shells that are subjected to longitudinal compressive tonss besides have been provided. The first status is that the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis can non be greater than the maximal allowable tensile emphasis. The 2nd status is based on buckling of the constituent. In Paragraph UG-23 ( degree Celsius ) , the wall thickness of a force per unit area vas shell defined by these regulations and it should be determined and the induced maximal membrane emphasis does non transcend the maximal allowable emphasis value in tenseness has been stated. [ 2 ] Typical design emphasis factors for force per unit area constituents are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Design emphasis factors Property Material Carbon Carbon-manganese, unstained metals low metal steels Austenitic chromium steel steels Non-ferrous metals Minimal output emphasis or 0.2 per centum cogent evidence emphasis, at the design temperature 1.5 1.5 1.5 Minimum tensile strength, at room temperature 2.35 2.5 4.0 Mean emphasis to green goods rupture at 105 H at the design temperature 1.5 1.5 1.03.2.5 Thickness of shell under internal force per unit areaInformation and demand of thickness or maximal allowable force per unit area for a shell under internal force per unit area are provided in paragraph UG-27. The equations for circumferential emphasis which is the emphasis moving across the longitudinal seam for cylindrical shell are as follows [ 1 ] : or ( 3.2.5.1 ) Figure 3.1: Shell Under Internal Pressure For cylindrical shells for longitudinal emphasis which the emphasis moving across the circumferential articulations, the equations are or ( 3.2.5.2 ) T = lower limit needed thickness of shell, in. ( in the corroded status ) P = internal design force per unit area, pounds per square inch R = inside radius of shell under consideration, in. ( Corroded status ) S = maximal allowable emphasis from the applicable allowable emphasis tabular array in Section II, Part D E = Joint efficiency for welded articulations ( Table UW-12 ) , or the ligament efficiency between gaps ( UG-53 ) . For spherical shells, or ( 3.2.5.3 ) These equations are really simple. However, there are some related issues that must be discussed. These two equations are usually based on thin wall theory.3.2.6 Thickness of shell under external force per unit areaThe information and demand that used to plan shells and tubings under external force per unit area is given as a design burden is given in paragraph UG-28. The definitions for assorted geometries are diagrammatically shown in Figure 3.2.a ( Fig.UG-28.1 ) . [ 2 ] Figure 3.2.a: Diagrammatic Representation of Lines of Support for Design of Cylindrical Vessels Subjected To External Pressure ( Beginning: Fig. UG-28.1 of Section VIII Div. 1 of the ASME 2010 Code ) Figure 3.2.b: Maximal Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of Gap in Stiffening Ring of Cylindrical-Shell under External Pressure ( Beginning: Fig.UG-29.2 of Section VIII Div.1 of the ASME 2010 Code ) Stiffness ring that has been provided with uninterrupted around the perimeter of the vas is to defy external force per unit area. Between the ring and the shell, spreads have been allowed ; nevertheless, the ring has to be uninterrupted and the discharge of the spread is limited by Figure 3.2.b. The extra demands of UG-29 ( degree Celsius ) ( 1 ) through UG-29 ( degree Celsius ) ( 4 ) should be satisfy when the discharge of the spread between the ring and shell does non run into the Figure 3.2.b demands. [ 2 ]3.2.7 Formed HeadsInformation and regulations for the design of formed caputs are given in paragraph UG-32. The needed thickness of spheroidal caputs expression is given by or ( 3.2.7.1 ) D = diameter of the oval major axis Figure 3.3: Ellipsoid caput ( Beginning: 7 ) Other expressions to plan caputs are as given in UG-27.Ellipsoidal caputs has a ratio of 2:1 if at that place does non hold a major to minor diameter. The torispherical caput with the metacarpophalangeal joint radius requires a thickness for a equal to 6 % of the inside Crown radius and the inside crown radius equal to the outside diameter of the is given by [ 7 ] or ( 3.2.7.2 ) Where: L = inside crown radius of the formed caput Figure 3.4: Torispherical caput ( Beginning: 7 )3.2.8 Openings and SupportsWhen planing an gap in a force per unit area vas, there is a stress ensuing from the hole that is formed on the shell. This is similar to the classical emphasis concentration consequence of a hole in a home base that is loaded in grip. The codifications for support do non see loads other than force per unit area. Openings in shells should be round, egg-shaped, or obround. If the connexion is slanting to the surface of the shell, the egg-shaped gap in the shell will be used. The proof trial in Paragraph UG-101should is applied if the strength of vass with such gaps can non be determined. [ 2 ] There is no bound to the size of an gap that may be designed on a force per unit area vas. The gap and support regulations in paragraph UG-36 through UG-43 stated in ASME Code will be apply to gaps non transcending the undermentioned vas size. For illustration, vass of 60 inches inside diameter and less, the gap may be every bit big as one half the vas diameters, but non to transcend 20 inches. Then, for vass over 60 inches inside diameter, the gap may be every bit big as one third the vas diameter, but non to transcend 40 inches. [ 2 ]Design for Internal PressureThe entire transverse sectional or country of support A in any plane through the gap for a shell or caput under internal force per unit area that has been required shall be non less than A = dtrF + 2tn thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( 1 a?’ fr1 ) ( 3.2.8.1 )Design for External Pressure( 1 ) The support that capable to force per unit area ( external ) must be considered for gaps in individual walled vass must merely 50 % of that required in design for internal force per unit area, where tr is the wall thickness required by the regulations for vass under external force per unit area and the value of F shall be 1.0 in all external force per unit area support computations. [ 2 ] ( 2 ) The support required for gaps in each shell of a multiple walled vas shall follow with above information when the shell is capable to force per unit area ( external ) and with design for force per unit area ( internal ) above when the shell is capable to internal force per unit area, no affair there is a common nose secured to more than one shell by strength dyer's rockets. [ 2 ]3.2.9 NozzlesThe lower limit wall thickness of nozzle cervixs should be determined as given expression below. For entree gaps and gaps used merely for review [ 2 ] : tUG-45 = Ta ( 3.2.9.1 ) For other noses: Determine terbium. terbium = min [ tb3, soap ( tb1, tb2 ) ] ( 3.2.9.2 ) tUG-45 = soap ( Ta, terbium ) ( 3.2.9.3 ) where Ta = lower limit cervix thickness required for internal and external force per unit area utilizing UG-27 and UG- 28 ( plus corrosion allowance ) , as applicable. The effects of external forces and minutes from auxiliary tonss ( see UG-22 ) shall be considered. Shear emphasiss caused by UG-22 burdens shall non transcend 70 % of the allowable tensile emphasis for the nozzle stuff. tb1 = for vass under internal force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) required for force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the minimal thickness specified for the stuff in UG-16 ( B ) . tb2 = for vass under external force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) obtained by utilizing the external design force per unit area as an tantamount internal design force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) in the expression for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the minimal thickness specified for the stuff in UG-16 ( B ) . tb3 = the thickness given in Table UG-45 plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance. tUG-45 = lower limit wall thickness of nose cervixs In Paragraph UG-45, the regulations for minimal nozzle cervix thickness have been provided. A nozzle cervix or any other connexion shall non be thinner than that required to fulfill the thickness demands for the tonss defined in paragraph UG-22. Except for manhole and other gaps that are provided merely for entree, extra demands of paragraph UG-45 may necessitate a thicker nose cervix. [ 2 ]3.2.10 Legs supportLegs supports usually are used to back up perpendicular force per unit area vas. Legs support can be made detachable from the vas. These supports can be bolted or welded to blast home bases. Leg supports design method is similar to that for bracket support. If the legs are welded to the shell, so the shear emphasiss in the dyer's rocket will be given by [ 2 ] : ( 3.2.10.1 ) Where, tW = Weld Height LW = Weld Length. These sorts of supports are suited merely for little and moderate force per unit area vass as there is a concentrated local emphasis at the joint. Figure 3.5: Leg Support3.2.11 Joint Efficiency FactorsThe strength of a welded articulation will depend on the type of articulation and the quality of the welding. The soundness of dyer's rockets is checked by ocular review and by non-destructive testing ( skiagraphy ) . The possible lower strength of a welded articulation compared with the virgin home base is normally allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design emphasis for the stuff by a â€Å" welded articulation factor † J. The value of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and sum of skiagraphy required by the design codification. Typical values are shown in Table 3. Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is every bit every bit strong as the virgin home base ; this is achieved by radiographing the complete dyer's rocket length, and cutting out and refashioning any defects. The usage of lower joint factors in design, though salvaging costs on skiagraphy, will ensue in a thi cker, heavier, vas, and the interior decorator must equilibrate any cost nest eggs on review and fiction against the increased cost of stuffs. [ 2 ] Table.2: Maximum allowable articulation efficiency Type of articulation Degree of skiagraphy 100 % topographic point none Double-welded butt or equivalent 1.0 0.85 0.7 Single-weld butt articulation with adhering strips 0.9 0.80 0.65 In ASME Code Section VIII Division 1, joint efficiency factors influence the degree of scrutiny of articulations on force per unit area vas. The grade of scrutiny influences the needed thickness through the usage of Joint Efficiency Factors, E. This factor is sometimes referred to as Quality Factors or weld efficiencies serve as emphasis multipliers applied to vessel constituents when some of the articulations are non to the full radiographed. Basically, ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 vass have variable factors of safety and it depending on the radiographic scrutiny of the chief vas constituents articulations. For this undertaking, to the full radiographed longitudinal butt-well articulations in cylindrical shell use a Joint Efficiency Factor, E of 1.0. There are four joint classs require that have been identified in ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. They are classs A, B, C and D as shown in figure below. [ 2 ] Figure 3.6: Welded Joint Categories ( Beginning: 2010 ASME VIII Div1 )3.2.12 Corrosion allowanceThe corrosion allowance is the extra thickness of metal added to let for stuff lost by corrosion and eroding, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the client and maker. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is non possible to give specific regulations for the appraisal of the corrosion allowance required for all fortunes. The allowance should be based on experience with the stuff of building under similar service conditions to those for the proposed design. For C and low-alloy steels, where terrible corrosion is non expected, a minimal allowance of 2.0 millimeters should be used ; where more terrible conditions are anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 millimeters. Most of design codifications and criterions available stipulate a minimal allowance of 1.0 millimeter. [ 2 ]3.3 Finite Element Analysis by ANSYSThis undertaking is set out to verify finite comp onent analysis, FEA when applied to coerce vessel design. Finite Element Analysis is a simulation technique. Function of this technique is to measure the behaviour of constituents, equipment and constructions for assorted lading conditions including applied forces, force per unit areas and temperatures. There are many complex technology jobs with non-standard form and geometry can be solved utilizing this analysis [ 5 ] . Consequences that can be achieve by this analysis such as the emphasis distribution, supplantings and reaction tonss at supports for any theoretical account. There are figure of scenarios can be done such as design optimisation, material weight minimisation, form optimisation, codification conformity and more by utilizing this analysis [ 10 ] . The finite elements analysis was performed utilizing ANSYS package. ANSYS widely used in the computer-aided technology ( CAE ) field in many industries [ 10 ] . ANSYS package helps applied scientists and interior decorators to build computing machine theoretical accounts of constructions, machine constituents or systems by using runing tonss and other design standards and to analyze physical responses such as emphasis degrees, temperature distributions, force per unit area and more. It permits an rating of a design without holding to construct and destruct multiple paradigms in proving. In this undertaking, the analysis will be test on cylindrical shell of the unfired perpendicular force per unit area vas to see the maximal distortion, maximal tantamount ( von-Misses ) and maximal shear emphasis of the shell ‘s stuff. Figure 3.1: Example of ANSYS analysis ; Maximum shear emphasis of Elliptical Head [ beginning 1 ] .Chapter 4.0RESULT AND ANALYSIS4.1 Design Data and CalculationTable 4.1: Pressure Vessel Design Data Design codification : ASME Section VIII Division 1 Type of vas : Vertical Inside diameter : 1300.0 millimeter Temperature Design : 70.0 A °C Operating : 30.0 A °C Pressure Design : 44 BarG Operating : 24.9 BarG Corrosion allowance : 3 millimeter Type of fluid : Natural gas Max. Liquid degree : Not applicable Radiography : Full moon Joint efficiency : 1.0 Type of caput : 2:1 Ellipsoidal Weight Empties : 4791 kilogram Operating : 4850 kilogram ( approximate )4.1.1 MaterialFor choosing stuff for building these force per unit area vas constituents, there are several regulations should be see that available in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. For this undertaking, stuff that will be usage is in C and low metal steel ‘s category which is SA-516-70. This type of stuff has been taking based on design force per unit area and design temperature because it is suited for moderate and lower temperature service applications. [ 2 ]4.1.1.1 Properties of MaterialTable 4.2: Properties of Material Material SA-516 Gr 70 Form Home plate Composition C-Mn-Si Tensile strength 552 MPa Output point 260 MPa Density 7.85 g/cm3 Melting Point 1510 A °C ( 2750 A °F )4.1.2 Design PressureRefer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 21, the design force per unit area is a force per unit area that is used to plan a force per unit area incorporating system or piece of equipment. With the design force per unit area, it is recommended for applied scientist to plan a vas and its constituents. Design force per unit area must 5-10 % higher than operating force per unit area, whichever is the higher, will carry through this demand. The force per unit area of the fluid and other contents of the force per unit area vas are besides considered. For this undertaking, design force per unit area is 44.0 BarG. [ 2 ]4.1.3 Operating PressureOperating force per unit area is a force per unit area that less than the maximal allowable on the job force per unit area at which the force per unit area vas is usually operated. Recommended value is 30 % below maximal allowable on the job force per unit area. [ 2 ]4.1.4 Maximum Allowable Stress ValueR efer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 23, the maximal allowable emphasis value that the maximal emphasis allowed in stuff that used to plan force per unit area vas constituents under this regulations. The allowable emphasis value for most stuff at design temperature is the lower 2/7 the minimal effectual tensile strength or 2/3 the minimal output emphasis of the stuff. For this undertaking, the allowable emphasis value is obtained from tabular array in ASME Code Section II ; Part D. Below is allowable emphasis value that simplified from the tabular array in subdivision II, Part D. [ 2 ] Material Metal temperature non transcending deg, F Maximum Allowable Stress, pounds per square inch SA-516 Gr 70 -20 to 650 17500 Table 4.3: Maximal Allowable Stress Value4.1.5 Thickness of Shells under Internal PressureT = PR per UG 27 ( degree Celsius ) ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 653 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 Bar ) – 0.6 ( 44 Bar ) = 24.35 millimeter 24.35 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 27.35 millimeter So, usage T = 28 millimeter Maximal Allowance Working Pressure, MAWP P = SEt per UG 27 ( degree Celsius ) R + 0.6t = ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) ( 28 millimeter ) 650 millimeter + 0.6 ( 28 millimeter ) = 51.98 Barrooms Stress, I?hoop = P ( R + 0.6t ) Et = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 0.650m + 0.6 ( 0.028 m ) ( 1 ) 0.028 m = 105.25MPa Stress, I?long = P ( R – 0.4t ) 2Et = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 0.650 m – 0.4 ( 0.028 m ) ( 2 ) 0.028 m = 50.19 MPa Factor of safety = I?yield I?hoop = 120.658 Mpa 105.25 MPa = 1.144.1.6 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head thicknessT = PD per UG 27 ( vitamin D ) ( 2SE-0.2P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 1303 millimeter ) 2 ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) – 0.2 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 23.85 millimeter 23.85 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 26.85 millimeter So, usage T = 28 millimeter H = D 4 = 1300 4 = 325 millimeter Maximal Allowance Working Pressure, MAWP P = 2SEt per UG 27 ( vitamin D ) D + 0.2t = 2 ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) ( 1 ) ( 23.85 millimeter ) 1303 millimeter + 0.2 ( 23.85 millimeter ) = 44 Barrooms Stress, I? = P ( D + 0.2t ) 2 T = ( 4.4 x 10^6 ) ( 1.303 m + 0.2 ( 0.024 m ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 0.024 m ) = 119.88 MPa4.1.7 2:1 Nozzle and Flanges4.1.7.1 ( Inlet and Outlet )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 152.4 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 5.68 millimeters ~ 6 millimeter 6 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 9 millimeter So, usage T = 9 millimeter Length of pipe 12 † = 211.85 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Table 4.4: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 12 Inch Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 12 † 323.8 520.7 327.1 50.80 73.15 374.6 381.0 16 31.70 450.84.1.7.2 ( Manhole )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 254 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 9.47 millimeters ~ 9.5 millimeter 9.5 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 12.5 millimeter So, usage T = 12.5 millimeter Length of pipe 20 † = 252 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 20 † 508 774.7 513.1 63.50 95.20 587.2 584.2 24 35 685.8 Table 4.5: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 20 Inch4.1.7.3 ( Liquide Outlet )T = PR per UG 45 ( SE- 0.6P ) = ( 44 x 10^5 ) ( 25.4 millimeter ) ( 1206.58 x 10^5 ) – 0.6 ( 44 x 10^5 ) = 0.95 millimeters ~ 1 millimeter 1 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 4 millimeter So, usage T = 4 millimeter Length of pipe 20 † = 271.8 millimeter Flanges Based on slip-on Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs Nominal pipe size Outside diameter Overal diameter Inside diameter Flanges thickness Overall length Hub diameter Face diameter No.of holes Bolt hole Diameter of circle of holes 2 † 60.3 165.1 62 22.30 33.20 84 91.90 8 19.10 127.0 Table 4.6: Slip-On Flanges – ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 2 Inch4.1.8 Leg supportFor planing leg support, there are no specific regulations or codifications that describes in ASME Code Section VIII Div 1. So, in this undertaking, the leg supports was designed based on available support that be designed for knock out membranophone by Petronas Fertilizer Sdn. Bhd.4.2 Detailss pulling by CatiaFigure 4.1: Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel [ Please mention Appendix 1 ] Figure 4.2: Shell [ Please mention Appendix 2 ] Figure 4.3: Top Ellipsoidal Head Figure 4.4: Bottom Ellipsoidal Head [ Please mention Appendix 3 & A ; 4 ] Figure 4.5: Leg Support [ Please mention Appendix 5 ]4.3 Inactive Structural Analysis Result and DiscussionFrom the finite component analysis for all burden instances by inactive structural analysis utilizing ANSYS package, there are consequences are obtained.4.3.1 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell with NozzlesDegree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6a: Entire Deformation of Shell with Nozzles The figure above shown the entire distortion of the shell with nozzle attached. From the consequences of analysis, it was observed that the maximal distortion occurred at the junction of force per unit area vas ‘s shell and the nose. The maximal distortion was 0.52119 millimeter. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6b: Equivalent ( von-Mises ) Stress Based on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occurred at the nozzle cervix. The maximal emphasis value obtained is 141.28 MPa. The maximal tantamount emphasis obtained from the analysis was big than maximal allowable emphasis because of affiliated nose cervix due to sudden alteration in the shell geometry and the resulting of alteration in emphasis flow. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6c: Maximal Shear Stress The figure above represented the maximal shear emphasis that occurs on the shell. There are colourss that represent the degree of emphasis that occur on the shell surface. The bluish colour indicate the country which the emphasis was lowest and the ruddy colour indicated the maximal emphasis occur while the force per unit area has been applied. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.6d: Safety Factor From the analysis of shell with noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained is 0.85406. Because of some deficiency, the value of safety factor is rather low compared to theoretical value. It is because the maximal tantamount emphasis that been obtained was big than maximal allowable emphasis.4.3.2 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell without NozzlesDegree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7a: Entire Deformation of Shell without Nozzles For the analysis of shell without nose attached, the consequence has been shown above. Compared with the old analysis on shell with the noses, the value of maximal distortion is less which is merely 0.33246 millimeters. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7b: Equivalent ( von-Misses ) Stress The figure shown supra is the consequence of equivalent ( von-Misses ) emphasis that occurs on the shell surface at about design force per unit area of 4.4 MPa. The ruddy colour represents the maximal emphasis which is 116.67 MPa. The maximal emphasis occurs at the underside of the shell. The maximal allowable emphasis for this shell is 120.658 MPa. So, the value obtained in this analysis was below than maximal allowable emphasis. It can be said that this shell was safe. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7c: Maximal Shear Stress Based on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occur on the surface indoors shell. The minimal shear emphasis occurs on the top shell surface 16.272 MPa and the maximal shear emphasis value obtained is 61.08 MPa which is represented with ruddy colour. Degree centigrades: Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.png Figure 4.7d: Safety Factor From the analysis of shell without noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained by computation is 1.14. The value of safety that obtained by this analysis is 1.03 because the maximal tantamount emphasis that be obtained is less than hoop emphasis in manual computation. So the per centum of factor safety between value from computation and analysis is approximately 9.6 % and it ‘s acceptable.Chapter 5.0Summary5.1 DecisionAs the undertaking is completed, it can be concluded that the aims of this undertaking are successfully done. This undertaking had lead to several decisions. However, major decisions are as below: From overall survey of ASME Code Section VII Division 1 in planing perpendicular force per unit area vas, it be said that the chief demand that used to plan this type of vas was be studied decently. Because of some deficiency of information is ASME Code such as regulations for planing leg support, the constituent had been designed merely based on available designed that widely used in industry. This undertaking merely focused on design demands in ASME Code, so the regulation for fiction and review did non be involved. From the analysis of shell with affiliated nose, the maximal distortion of the shell has been obtained. The distortion value was below the allowable deforming for the shell stuff. Then, the maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) besides has been obtained over the maximal allowable emphasis. This was because of the geometry of the shell has been changed during nozzle attached. This job occurred besides because of the alteration is stress flow during the tonss has been applied. Because of over maximal tantamount emphasis obtained, the value safety factor had been affected. The value of safety factor obtained was less than 1 ; it might be non good plenty but it still can be considered. From the analysis of shell without nose, the maximal distortion is less than distortion in shell with affiliated nozzle analysis. Then, the value of maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) obtained was less than maximal allowable emphasis. The value was approximated to the computation value at about 3.3 % . So, the value of safety factor obtained besides near to the computation value in term of maximal allowable emphasis per upper limit tantamount emphasis. Hence, the shell was in safe status when the operating force per unit area been applied. However, although the codification for design a force per unit area vas had been studied decently, some of information was non described in inside informations. So, this design was non excessively safe and good plenty for fiction. Many demands still had to be considered to do this design perfect. There were many codifications and regulations should be studied and understood decently. By the manner, as been stated earlier, this undertaking has achieved the aims and fulfills the demand of Final Year Project II.5.2 RecommendationApparently, in term of design regulations, there are many facets to looking farther betterment to hold a complete and perfects perpendicular force per unit area vas. The design codifications and criterions must be suitably revised to do certain the design is safe plenty. Because of deficiency of information from the ASME Codes Section VIII Division 1 in planing this force per unit area vas, some of the standards required can non be applied. Some of the information in ASME Code is confidential and need to inquire for their permission before used it. Sometimes engineer, interior decorator or organisation demands to purchase their codifications and criterions which are really expensive. There are others codifications and criterion in planing force per unit area vas available. There besides has package to plan force per unit area in the market. Possibly by utilizing others codifications and criterion or package may better the process in planing force per unit area vas