Eminent Domain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eminent Domain - Assignment Example Therefore, in this book, Epstein answers four questions: What constitutes a taking of private property? When is the taking not compensated? When is the taking for public use? And when is the taking compensated in cash or in kind? Ryskamp John. The Eminent Domain Revolt: Changing Perceptions in a New Constitutional Epoch. New York: Algora Publishing. 2007. This book gives an explanation on the anger against the eminent domain. It provides an in depth analysis of the profound legal issues and proposed changes that are far a head of seizing of property and regulations of land use. Ryskamp gives a report on the law and politics of eminent domain after the decision of the Supreme Court on the case of Kelo versus the city of New London on June 2005. The book also explains the need for all states to start debating on how to reform their eminent domain laws for it is unconstitutional. Although some legal scholars may not agree with Ryskamp on this issue, this book convinces many readers that they must begin to understand the legal principles involved in this controversy surrounding the eminent domain. Aspen Publishers. ... Among the cases or legal briefs covered in this book is the case of Kelo versus the city of New London. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the case and how the Supreme Court ruled on the same. The book is keyed to particular casebooks by title or author for greater student accessibility. Scaros E. Constantinos. Understanding the Constitution. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning. 2010. The constitution of United States of America was created so many years ago but its historical importance and value still impact the lives of many significantly. Constantinos’ book, Understanding the Constitution, enables the readers to understand and appreciate the United States constitution and its significance on individuals’ daily lives. The book also gives analysis on the relevant topics, such as the controversial eminent domain, that are hotly debated. It provides a good understanding of the eminent domain, the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment and their provisio ns. Without making assumption on previous knowledge of the law, Constantions’ book is an ideal reader friendly introduction to constitutional law. Malloy Paul Robin. Private Property, Community Development, and Eminent Domain (Law, Property and Society). Publishing, Ltd. 2008. This book discusses the fundamental relationship between the government and its citizens and among the citizens themselves. The discussion is centered on the recent ruling of the US Supreme Court on the case of Kelov versus the city of New London (2005). The case involved the use of eminent domain power by the state to transfer private property from Kelov to another private party who would economically make better use of the land. Although the Supreme

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Taxation - Essay Example Lastly, for individuals, the taxation of savings affects the decision on savings and when to allocate their assets. This system of taxation has a lot of impacts to the communities involved and has numerous recommendations. Generally, the whole issue is tied on people’s general saving behavior. Every time a taxation system surfaces people tend to adjust their saving behaviors. This is just normal because taxes play an important role is asset finance. Widely, we tend to save less when our incomes are low and needs are high (Buguignon 2005, 39). Therefore to save one cannot rely on an income to save. We save or run down our existing wealth when the amount for consumption differs from the amount of income they receive in a particular time period. The present paper addresses precisely these issues and suggests a normative framework to analyze tax policy in which social preferences are concerned by individual utilities instead of the ambiguous concept of ‘household welfare’. Individual level data are rare and even more difficult is the measure of individual welfare so that we resort to the use of a structural multi-utility model with minimalist assumptions regarding preferences. Moreover, social evaluation of welfare - at individual or household level – requires the formal framework of the optimal taxation theory. This way, the paper suggests one of the very first attempts to reconcile two branches of the economic literature which are usually dissociated. On the one hand, we benefit from the collective model of labor supply (Chiappori, 1988, 12) which acknowledges explicitly the presence in the household of several deciders whose preferences may differ. The decision making process - the incentive constraint of the social planner - relies on the sole Assumption that household decisions are Pareto-efficient. This setting allows

Repurposing as a Future Strategy for Pharmaceutical Research

Repurposing as a Future Strategy for Pharmaceutical Research With the urgent need for new treatments for serious diseases and concerns about other existing unmet patient needs as well as the cost of traditional drug discovery and other productivity issues on the constant increase, drug repurposing has become an attractive alternative. Drug repurposing is defined as the process of discovering new indications for existing drug compounds (Tari and Patel, 2014). Tari Patel (2014) further explain that the concept behind drug repurposing is â€Å"that novel drug indications can be identified based on the principle that a primary drug target can be associated with diseases other than its original drug indication.† Various systematic approaches have been proposed for finding new indications for drugs; some of this include discovering drugs hat share a significant number of side effects as they may have similar actions and those with similar chemical compounds. The most cited success for drug repositioning is sildenafil, a drug developed by Pfi zer and originally indicated for the treatment of angina but was discovered to show an improvement in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction as well (Pantziarka et al, 2014) [online] Drug repurposing is becoming the surest way to both provide treatment for both new and old diseases, as well as reducing greatly the cost of production of these treatments. Persidis (2011) [online] lists a couple of advantages crediting this, some of which include that pre-existing drugs or those which have been proven to be safe at late-stage trials greatly reduce development risk even when repurposed for potentially new indications. The article continues to add that there is a massive money saving advantage when comparing launching a repurposed drug into the market with launching a completely new formulation to pharmaceutical companies owning original use rights to the drug. On the other hand, NCBI suggests that as drugs are only approved for specific therapeutic indications within clear safety boundaries and after intense investigation, finding new drug-target interactions is most often hampered by safety issues regarding dosage and delivery capability as discovery of a repurposed drug working within the approved therapeutic window is a rare occurrence; suggesting also that even in a case where appropriate formulations and delivery devices were available to eliminate the problems associated with dosage and delivery within the narrow therapeutic window, the issue of lack of integration with pharmaceutical and toxicological sciences still persists. These go without including the problems associated with protection of intellectual property as various new drug-target-disease triplets are often disclosed by various online databases. Repositioned drugs have been a huge success in providing effective remedies for a large number of patients suffering from a wide range of diseases, have promised to deliver new treatments for even more diseases including some of the most perverse diseases the plague the central nervous system, cardio-vascular system, many metabolic disorders and cancer. Precisely, the scope of drug repurposing can be widened in future to cater for the development of drugs with multiple targets as in the area of oncology and those which target disease in various ways as in obesity. It can even more importantly create opportunities for the development of second-generation drugs (Sehkon, 2013) Therefore, despite any disadvantages that may arise in the process of repositioning drugs, the process remains the most effective of its kind in recent times and hence plays a very important role in pharmaceutical research concerning future drug discovery. It is important to note that though most repurposed drugs have desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties especially those that have passed various clinical trial stages about 2000 of these drugs lie dormant of various companies’ shelves and Barratt and Frail (2012) suggest that this number grows at the rate of 150-200 drugs every year. Sequentially, this number creates more than adequate substrate on which a repurposing strategy can be developed and as discontinued compounds are a by-product of carrying out business in the pharmaceutical environment, there will never be a shortage of them. Hence, learning from these failures and applying the ever evolving science behind human biology and diseases will not only salvage efforts made in the research and development environment but also lead to the development of a very viable business model while significantly decreasing the risk of failure, cost of production and cycle time. Bibliography Sehkon, BS 2013, ‘Repositioning drugs and biologics: Retargeting old/existing drugs for potential new therapeutic applications’, Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education Research, 4, 1, pp. 1-15, Academic Search Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 November 2014. Tari, L. B. and Patel J. H. (2014) [online] ‘Systematic Drug Repurposing Through Text Mining’ Biomedical Literature Mining vol. 1159, pp. 253-267 Available at: http://www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.1007/978-1-4939-0709-0_14 [Accessed: 18th November, 2014] Barratt, M. J. and Frail, D. E. (2012) Drug repositioning: Bringing New Life to Shelved Assets and Existing Drugs John Wiley Sons, Inc. Pantziarka, P., Bouche, G., Meheus, L.., Sukhatme, V., Sukhatme, V. P. (2014) [online] ‘The Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO) Project’ ecancermedicalscience pp. 3 Available at: http://ecancer.org/journal/8/full/442-the-repurposing-drugs-in-oncology-redo-project.php [Accessed: 17th November, 2014] Persidis, A. (2011) [online] ‘The benefits of drug repositioning’ Drug Discovery World Available at: http://www.ddw-online.com/business/p142737-the-benefits-of-drug-repositioning-spring-11.html [Accessed: 17th November, 2014] Tudor I. Oprea, Julie E. Bauman,Cristian G. Bologa, Tione Buranda, Alexandre Chigaev, Bruce S. Edwards, Jonathan W. Jarvik, Hattie D. Gresham,Mark K. Haynes,Brian Hjelle,Robert Hromas,Laurie Hudson,Debra A. Mackenzie,Carolyn Y. Muller,John C. Reed,Peter C. Simons,Yelena Smagley,Juan Strouse, Zurab Surviladze,Todd Thompson,Oleg Ursu,Anna Waller,Angela Wandinger-Ness,Stuart S. Winter,Yang Wu,Susan M. Young,Richard S. Larson,Cheryl Willman,andLarry A. Sklar (2012) [online] ‘Drug repurposing from an academic perspective’

Ways To Fight The Drug War Essay -- essays research papers

Drug use has risen sharply in the United States in the past 40 years, with an estimated 23.6 million teenagers using illegal drugs within the past year. Preventing drug use has been a major issue in the area of politics, schools, or within families. Drug abuse occurs whenever the use of a drug causes physical or mental harm to the user. So far, society has been abusing drugs since the later nineteenth century, a time when the sale, purchase, possession, and use of drugs was not regulated. Dangerous drugs such as morphine, opium, and cocaine were used mainly for medical purposes including cures for depression, nervousness, alcoholism, and menstrual cramps. Because of the availability of these powerful drugs, people became addicts. In 1900, there were actually more narcotic addicts in the US than there are today; however, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few users took drugs for recreational use only. In 1914 as an effort to curb drug abuse in the United States, the government passed the Harrison Act, which made illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a doctor’s prescription. There were nearly half a million addicts at the beginning of 1920 and by 1945 there were only 30,000 to 40,000 addicts. The demand for drugs began to rise again in the 1960’s and continues to rise today. With this scary thought in mind, the United States needs find a solution to the rising drug problem, and fast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every year, more drugs are di...

Descriptive Essay Final Copy

I grab my bag and a hair-tie from the vanity on my way Out the door, tying my waist-length brown hair in a knot as I hurry down the stairs. My nana stands at the stove, stirring the pot of gravy she is making for breakfast. Behind her stands my papaw, playfully yanking her ponytail every time she turns around. At first glance one would think that they make an odd couple, with my nana being only five feet tall, with fox-red hair and hazel green eyes, in near perfect contrast to my papaw who is a large man, standing nearly six foot four, with eyes the color of the sky and white air that was once jet black.But as they laugh and play standing there in the kitchen, I know this place would mean nothing if they were any different. I slip on my boots at the door, and run across the field to the old wooden barn, its red has long faded, and the metal door handles are covered with rust. Reach out and grab the rusty handle and pull, hearing the ancient hinges creak and groan as the door opens. W alking into the barn can smell the fresh hay, and the lingering smell of the old moonshine still that sits in the corner, unattended for years, but left for the antique look.I climb the ladder to the loft, and wade through the piles of hay until reach the little door that opens onto the roof. Climb out onto the roof and walk to the end of the barn. There sit down, my leg hanging over the edge of the black shingled roof. I sit and watch as the deer run across the field, and as the train go by down next to the river. Reach in my bag and pull out my sketch pad and charcoals. I draw everything I see, the river, the birds, and the mountains. After I finish, climb down and run to the house; pause at the door, leaning own to pull off my boots.I open the door, and step into the kitchen, the floor is warm from the heat of the old white stove, causing tiny droplets of condensation to form on the speckled blue wallpaper. Nana has already set the table, her faded blue and white china resting in front of three chairs on the blue table cloth that covers the deep brown oak table. On each plate sit two biscuits, golden and gleaming with butter, accompanied by sausage and fried eggs. Grab the pot from the Stove and ladle the thick, creamy gravy onto everyone's plates.The steam rises from each plate like a plume of smoke from a tiny fire, taking with it the wonderful smell of my nana's cooking. As we sit down to eat, we join hands and my papaw gives the blessing; thanking God for the food he has provided on this day, and for forty years h?s had with the wonderful woman who cooked it. See my nana smile with love for my papaw, her head still bowed in prayer as we say ‘amen. ‘ As we raise our heads, I smile too, knowing that this place is filled with love and laughter and always will be.

The Cultural Revolution in China essays

The Cultural Revolution in China essays The Cultural Revolution that took place in China can be considered to be one of the most important experiences of the 20th century. It represented the result of a series of contextual events that marked the emergence of the phenomenon, and in its turn, it influenced the future evolution of events, to this day. In order to proper understand the complexity of the issue, it is important to analyze the event from a historical perspective. At the same time however, although the approach is chronological, there are essential issues that must be stressed out. Therefore, the events that took place in the late 1960s and the first half of the 1970s had important internal and external causes that should be pointed out for a comprehensive perception of the historical context. Next, the logical evolution of the paper focuses on the actual manifestations of what became known as the Great Cultural Revolution. Finally, aiming to offer a complex image of the entire political, economic, social and cultural of this phenomenon, the focus is on the actual effects of the revolution on all walks of life. As a conclusion, it is important to point out the necessity of an overview from multiple perspectives. The historical context of the revolution had in fact deep rooted components that defined the historical atmosphere both after the end of the war, and prior to the May16th 1966 manifesto. There are two different perspectives that must be taken into account. On the one hand there is the matter of internal factors, and on the other, the elements that determined the phenomenon to emerge and develop from the exterior. According to some scholars, the totalitarian regime in China emerged as a reaction against the countrys political disintegration during the early part of the twentieth century. This response followed the failure of the Nationalists to build up a unified party and a reintegrated polity soon enough to withstand t...

Century Family Trends Essays

Century Family Trends Essays Century Family Trends Essay Century Family Trends Essay I noticed that there are more single parent households than there were in the seventeen hundreds. Families are no longer a father and a mother raising their shared kin under one roof. Mothers of young children are working outside their home and providing for their family, rather than having a man providing for them. Today we have much more diversity, we have, adoptions, single parent households, gay and lesbians raising families and single people living on their own. Husbands and wives no longer feel the need to stay together from, death do us part, since we now have the option of getting a divorce. Parents these days are a lot less strict with their children and have much less control over them, due to technology and lack of authority. Some major differences I have noticed between today and the 18th century families are: women no longer feel less significant than the men, children are no longer under such strict rules and a hawks eye, and women have become more independent. In the 18th century, women relied solely on the men in their lives to provide security and stability for them and their family, men were their heads, which means that they were above them and were to be treated with utmost respect. Today we have working women who are more than capable of providing for themselves and their family all on their own. Children today have so much freedom, often times they dont know what to do with themselves. Children waste days playing video games, or getting high in the basement while their parents are away, not considering what the consequences might be for not finishing homework, or skipping school. As a punishment, parent today may ground their children, which usually results in the compensation of their phones. In the 18th century not only did children to have the option of playing video games, but they had very strict rules to follow and if they were to disobey, or lie, they were to be beaten. Children had six laws to abide by. If a parent were to beat their child today, said parent would be facing Jail time. Women today are much more independent, and hold equal rights to that of a man. Women today are owners of companies and their own houses. In the 18th century women had few rights and were unable to work, unless they were a servant. There are many differences between todays families and families in the 18th century. 18th Century Family Trends By primordial